2D dynamic or video-recorded stimuli have likewise made a valuable contribution demonstrating facial recognition may be enhanced with motion ( Kanade et al., 2000 Wallhoff, 2004 Pantic et al., 2005 Lucey et al., 2010 Krumhuber et al., 2013, 2017 Dobs et al., 2018) although this issue remains unresolved ( Christie and Bruce, 1998 Krumhuber et al., 2013, 2017). Indeed, over the past few decades, the field of facial perception has been largely built upon 2D static images and photographs displayed on screens, which are computationally reproduced with two-dimensions of width and height (for a review see Matsumoto, 1988 Lundqvist et al., 1998 Beaupré et al., 2000 Tottenham et al., 2009 Langner et al., 2010 Krumhuber et al., 2017). Little is known however, about how we detect and perceive the 3D spatial or 4D temporal patterns of human faces on two-dimensional computer screens. The 4D temporal pattern of the human face encompasses all dynamic movement and changes to this 3D spatial form that evolve with time. The 3D volumetric structure or form of human facial features contains spatial dimensions of breadth, height and width, combined with a unique surface pattern.
Thus, each human face possesses concurrently a unique volumetric structure and surface pattern in three dimensions (or 3D) and a temporal pattern across time in four dimensions (or 4D). This multi-dimensional, complex pattern is also highly individualized varying from person to person. The human face has been defined by other authors as a multi-dimensional pattern which evolves over time ( Zhang et al., 2003 Liu et al., 2012 Marcolin and Vezzetti, 2017). From cognitive information such as identity and recognition to detecting complex patterns of speech or emotion to gleaning important social cues such as gender, ethnicity, age or health. What does our visual-perceptual system “ see” when we view a face? Prima facie, we see a three-dimensional form, evolving over time, that enables multifaceted social, cognitive and affective perceptions of one another. The 4D Space-Time Perspective of Facial Perception In future, it is recommended that facial stimuli incorporate the 4D space-time perspective with the proposed time-resolved methods.
In sum, we have found that higher-order perceptions such as identity, gender, ethnicity, emotion and personality, are critically influenced by 4D characteristics. We delve in-depth to summarize recent studies which have utilized facial stimuli that possess 3D structural and surface cues (geometry, surface and depth) and 4D temporal cues (3D structure + dynamic viewpoint and movement).
Video file added in ezr8 videolab rotates update#
The following review aims to advance and update facial researchers, on the recent revolution in computer-generated, realistic 4D facial models produced from real-life human subjects. Counterintuitively, over the past few decades of experimental research in psychology, facial stimuli have largely been captured, reproduced and presented to participants with two dimensions (2D), while remaining largely static. Our entire perception of another’s face, whether it be social, affective or cognitive perceptions, is therefore built on a combination of 3D and 4D visual cues. The temporal properties of facial objects are defined by how a 3D facial structure and surface evolves dynamically over time where time is referred to as the fourth dimension (4D). The spatial characteristics of facial objects contain a volume and surface in three dimensions (3D), namely breadth, height and importantly, depth. Characteristically, faces can be defined as biological objects that are four-dimensional (4D) patterns, whereby they have concurrently a spatial structure and surface as well as temporal dynamics. Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australiaįacial information is a powerful channel for human-to-human communication.
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